The term stands for 'damaged and kept', and denotes lengths of fabrics spoilt in processing.

(dâ¹kròn´, dàk¹ròn´) A trademark used for a synthetic polyester fabric or the fiber from which it is made.

Soiled and tangled wool from the back end of the sheep.Note: This is not suitable for use in textile processing.

(wool) Soiled and tangled wool from the back end of the sheep.Note: This is not suitable for use in textile processing.

The maximum extent, in a specified direction, of the damaged area of a material under specified combustion test conditions. The deprecated term 'char length' may be used synonymously for damaged length.

Cotton or silk damask is a highly traditional fabric, woven with large, abstract leaf and flower designs in contrasting matt and satin textures. Damask is also woven in wool and man-made mixtures. It is similar to brocade but is flatter and reversible.

A figured fabric made with one warp and one weft in which, generally, warp-satin and weft sateen weaves sometimes be introduced.

A damask woven with more than one weft to provide extra colour.

A wedge or diamond-shaped section removed from the surface area of a garment part by stitching or cutting and stitching.

An extreme form of immature cotton, having a thin fibre wall. Can result from disease, pest attack or a foreshortened ripening period.

The removal of undissolved gases and part of the dissolved gases (chiefly air) from spinning solutions prior to extrusion.

Decating is a process applied to woollens and worsteds, man-made and blended fibre fabrics, and various types of knits. It involves the application of heat and pressure to set or develop lustre and softer hand and to even the set and grain of certain fabrics. When applied to double knits it imparts crisp hand and reduces shrinkage. In wet decating, which gives a subtle lustre, or bloom, fabric under tension is steamed by passing it over perforated cylinders.

Decating is a process applied to woollens and worsteds, man-made and blended fibre fabrics, and various types of knits. It involves the application of heat and pressure to set or develop lustre and softer hand and to even the set and grain of certain fabrics. When applied to double knits it imparts crisp hand and reduces shrinkage. In wet decating, which gives a subtle lustre, or bloom, fabric under tension is steamed by passing it over perforated cylinders.

Several degradable polyesters are commercially available. These include polyglycolic acid (PGA),polylactic acid (PLA), poly-2-hydroxy butyrate (PHB), and polycaprolactone (PCL), as well as their copolymers:PGA, PLA, and PCL are prepared by acid-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters. PHB, on the other hand, is made from sugars and starches by bacterial action. Degradation of the ester groups linking the monomers is brought about by microorganisms or water. Because the degradation products are natural metabolites, the polymers are of interest in medical applications. Besides being made into degradable bottles and packaging film, these compounds can find applications in controlled-release drug packaging and in absorbable surgical sutures.Alkyds and oil-free coating polyesters Alkyds, or alkyd resins, are highly complex network polyesters that are manufactured for the paint industry. Developed from research conducted at the General Electric Co. in the 1920s, they are made from dicarboxylic acids or their anhydrides and polyfunctional alcohols such as glycerol. To the ester-forming monomers are added modifiers consisting of unsaturated oils such as tung oil, linseed oil, or dehydrated castor oil. The resulting polymers are thus branched polyesters with fatty-acid side groups. Because one of the first alcohols used to produce this type of polymer was glycerol (an alcohol derived from natural oils), the term alkyd has traditionally been used in organic coatings science to denote oil-based derivatives of polyester, while the term polyester is traditionally reserved for oil-free polyesters (described below).When an alkyd-based coating is applied to a surface, the oil portion of the polyester undergoes a free-radical cross-linking reaction in the presence of oxygen from the surrounding air; this process, known as drying, yields a tack-free surface. (For more detailed discussion of this process, see the article surface coating.) A typical alkyd paint consists of the oil-modified polyester to form the coating film, a solvent such as hexane or mineral spirits to aid in application, metal naphthenates to catalyze the drying reaction, and pigment. A long-oil alkyd contains 60 percent fatty acid by weight, a medium-oil alkyd contains 40-60 percent fatty acid, and a short-oil alkyd contains less than 40 percent. The use of alkyds is decreasing because of difficulties in modifiying these coatings to meet regulations restricting the amount of volatile organic content (VOC) that can be released into the air. (In oil-based surface coatings, VOC is represented by the solvents.) In addition, alkyd resins tend to have lower exterior durability than many of the newer polymer systems. They retain their use in low-performance industrial coatings and interior architectural paint, however.In order to meet VOC regulations, alkyds may be made water-reducible by the addition of free acid groups onto the molecules. In the presence of a base such as ammonia, these groups allow the polymers to be solubilized in water. Usually a cosolvent such as 2-butoxyethanol is necessary to maintain a stable solution, and under these conditions the ester linkages that are the basis of the alkyd polymer chain are vulnerable to breakage by hydrolysis. In this case special monomers are often chosen to give the chain hydrolytic stability.As is stated above, the term polyester, when used in the context of organic surface coatings, indicates a polyester free of natural-oil modifiers. Such polyesters are used extensively in coatings. The polymer can have a linear structure, but it is often branched, and it is usually in a relatively low-molecular-weight form that can be cross-linked to form a film of high performance. When the polyester is synthesized in the presence of an excess of alcohol, it tends to have hydroxyl end-groups on the molecules, and these molecules can be cross-linked through isocyanate, epoxy, and melamine compounds that react with the hydroxyl groups. If an excess of organic acid is present during polymerization, the polyester will have carboxyl end-groups, and these can become sites for cross-linking with epoxy, melamine, and amine groups. Polyesters with free-acid groups attached to their chains can be solubilized to a water-reducible form, as is the case with alkyds. Again, the hydrolytic stability of the resultant system must be considered.

(den-yâ¹) noun (also dèn¹yer). A unit of fineness for rayon, nylon, and silk fibers, based on a standard mass per length of 1 gram per 9,000 meters of yarn.